State legislative elections, 2018

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2018 State
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2018 elections
2018 special elections
Post-election analysis
State government trifectas
Number of state legislators by party
State legislative supermajorities
Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections
Partisan balance of state legislative chambers
State legislative seats flipped
Races decided by fewer than 100 votes
2018 Elections
Choose a chamber below:

On November 6, 2018, 87 of the nation's 99 state legislative chambers held regularly scheduled elections for 6,073 seats, meaning that nearly 82 percent of all state legislative seats were up for election. Heading into the election, Republicans controlled 4,134 of 7,383 legislative seats and 67 legislative chambers, and Democrats controlled 3,123 seats and 32 legislative chambers.

Six chambers changed partisan control in the 2018 elections. Democrats captured the Colorado State Senate, Maine State Senate, Minnesota House of Representatives, New Hampshire House of Representatives, New Hampshire State Senate, and New York State Senate.

Republicans did not capture any Democratic battleground chambers, but they did enter into a power-sharing agreement in the Alaska House of Representatives, which was previously controlled by Democrats.

Democrats had a net gain of 309 seats in the 86 state legislative chambers that held regularly-scheduled partisan elections.[1] Republicans lost 295 seats in the elections, and minor-party and independent candidates lost 14 seats. Read more below.

In 2018, 322 incumbents, including 49 Democrats and 253 Republicans, were defeated in the general elections. Read more below.

Four full state legislatures saw changes in their supermajority status as a result of the 2018 elections. Democrats attained supermajorities in three full state legislatures—California, Illinois, and Oregon.[2] This added to their existing four supermajorities, giving them seven total. Republicans, meanwhile, entered the 2018 elections with 17 full state legislative supermajorities and lost one—North Carolina. Read more below.

Roughly one-eighth of the nation's legislators who were responsible for redistricting following the 2020 census were elected in 2018, including nearly one-third of all state senators as well as the entire state legislatures of Alabama and Maryland.[3]

Keep reading to learn more about:

In a majority of the chambers up in 2018, primary elections were held to determine the candidates on the November ballot.

Democratic Party Click here for information on Democratic primaries.
Republican Party Click here for information on Republican primaries.

There were also special state legislative elections held in 2018. Click here for more.

Flipped chambers in the 2018 elections

This table lists state legislative chambers where party control changed as a result of the November 6, 2018 elections.

Flipped state legislative chambers, 2018 elections
State Chamber Pre-election control Post-election control
Alaska House Democrats Democratic Party Power sharing Independent_American_Party
Colorado Senate Republicans Republican Party Democrats Democratic Party
Maine Senate Republicans Republican Party Democrats Democratic Party
Minnesota House Republicans Republican Party Democrats Democratic Party
New Hampshire House Republicans Republican Party Democrats Democratic Party
New Hampshire Senate Republicans Republican Party Democrats Democratic Party
New York Senate Republicans Republican Party Democrats Democratic Party

Supermajorities in the 2018 elections

See also: 2018 election analysis: State legislative supermajorities and Veto overrides in state legislatures

Four full state legislatures saw changes in their supermajority status—typically when one party controls either three-fifths or two-thirds of a chamber—as a result of the 2018 elections. Democrats attained supermajorities in three full state legislatures (both chambers)—California, Illinois, and Oregon.[2] This added to their existing four supermajorities, giving them seven total. Republicans, meanwhile, entered the night with 17 full state legislative supermajorities and lost one—North Carolina.

Eleven individual chambers changed supermajority status, including those that contributed to changes in California, Illinois, Oregon, and North Carolina. All of the changes favored Democrats.

Because of these changes, one party has a supermajority in 23 of 50 state legislatures, two more than the 21 supermajorities heading into the night.

Depending on the state, supermajorities can do anything from overriding gubernatorial vetoes to convicting impeached executive or judicial officials to passing constitutional amendments to raising taxes. Most of these special actions are only available if a party has a supermajority in both chambers.

Change in state legislative supermajorities, 2018 elections
Supermajorities Before After Net
Democratic supermajorities Democratic Party 4 7 +3
Republican supermajorities Republican Party 17 16 -1
Total 21 23 +2


Change in Democratic supermajority chambers, 2018 elections
Chamber Before After
California State Senate No Supermajority Supermajority
Connecticut State Senate No Supermajority Supermajority
Illinois House of Representatives No Supermajority Supermajority
Nevada State Assembly No Supermajority Supermajority
Oregon House of Representatives No Supermajority Supermajority[2]
Oregon State Senate No Supermajority Supermajority[2]


Change in Republican supermajority chambers, 2018 elections
Chamber Before After
Michigan State Senate Supermajority No Supermajority
North Carolina House of Representatives Supermajority No Supermajority
North Carolina State Senate Supermajority No Supermajority
Pennsylvania State Senate Supermajority No Supermajority
Texas State Senate Supermajority No Supermajority


2018 election analysis and context

Partisan balance

Heading into the 2018 elections, Republicans held a majority of state legislative chambers. As of November 2017, 67 chambers were under GOP control, while Democrats held majorities in 32 chambers.[4]

The following table details partisan balance in all 99 chambers.

Partisan Control of All 99 State Legislatures
Pre-election Post-election
Legislative Chamber Democratic Party Republican Party Democratic Party Republican Party Split Democratic Party Republican Party
State senates 14 36 18 (+4) 32 (-4) 0
State houses 18 31 19 (+1) 29 (-2) 1
Total: 32 67 37 (+5) 61 (-6) 1

The following table details partisan balance of all 7,383 state legislative seats.

Partisan Balance of All 7,383 State Legislative Seats
Pre-election Post-election
Legislative Chamber Democratic Party Republican Party Other[5] Democratic Party Republican Party Other[5]
State senates 809 1,135 28 869 1,076 27
State houses 2,314 2,986 111 2,574 2,781 56
Total: 3,123 4,121 139 3,443 3,857 83

State government trifectas

See also: Gubernatorial and legislative party control of state government

Democrats emerged from the 2018 elections with a net gain in state government trifectas—where one political party holds the governorship, a majority in the state senate, and a majority in the state house in a state's government. Republicans retain a net advantage of eight trifectas over Democrats. The new trifecta count stands at 14 Democratic, 22 Republican, and 14 divided.

Entering the 2018 midterm election, Republicans had a +14 state trifecta lead: of 34 states with trifectas, 26 were Republican and eight were Democratic. But after the votes were counted, Democrats increased their trifecta total with a net gain of six, and Republicans declined to 22 trifectas (a net loss of four). States with divided government (i.e., no trifecta for either major party) declined to 14.

This outcome is similar to the trifecta balance following the 2014 midterm election, which left Republicans with 24 trifectas, Democrats with 13, and 13 states with no trifecta advantage for either major party. After the 2010 midterms, 25 states had no trifectas, Republicans had nine, and Democrats had 16.

In two cases where Democrats gained trifectas, and in one case where Republicans lost a trifecta, Democrats won open gubernatorial races that had been vacated by Republican incumbents who could not seek re-election due to term limits.

The total number of trifectas—36—is almost in line with the 37 trifectas in 2013 and 2014, the most trifectas in recent history.

Change in state government trifectas, 2018 elections
Trifecta status Before After Net
Democratic trifectas Democratic Party 8 14 +6
Republican trifectas Republican Party 26 22 -4
Divided government 16 14 -2


The six Democratic flips from divided government to trifecta control in 2018 were in:

In each of the four states where Republicans lost trifectas the balance of power became divided:

Overall, 10 total states saw a trifecta status change in some way.

  • Colorado: divided government to Democratic trifecta
  • Illinois: divided government to Democratic trifecta
  • Kansas: Republican trifecta to divided government
  • Maine: divided government to Democratic trifecta
  • Michigan: Republican trifecta to divided government
  • Nevada: divided government to Democratic trifecta
  • New Hampshire: Republican trifecta to divided government
  • New Mexico: divided government to Democratic trifecta
  • New York: divided government to Democratic trifecta
  • Wisconsin: Republican trifecta to divided government

The maps and charts below show the pre- and post-2018 election state government trifectas and the percentage of the population living under trifecta control.

Percent of the U.S. population living under trifectas as of Election Day 2018
Total Democratic trifectas Republican trifectas Divided governments
Population 325,025,206[6] 67,128,116 156,080,642 101,816,448
Proportion (%) 100% 20.7% 48.0% 31.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Percent of the U.S. population living under trifectas following the 2018 elections
Total Democratic trifectas Republican trifectas Divided governments
Population 325,025,206[7] 111,808,708 136,066,930 77,149,568
Proportion (%) 100% 34.4% 41.9% 23.7%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau


Change in seats

Democrats had a net gain of 308 seats in the 87 state legislative chambers that held regularly-scheduled elections on November 6, 2018. Republicans lost 294 seats in the elections, and third-party and independent candidates lost 14 seats.

Democrats gained 65 state senate seats. Republicans lost 60 Senate seats, and third-party and independent candidates lost five.

Democrats gained 243 state house seats. Republicans lost 234 state house seats, and third-party and independent candidates lost nine.

The charts below show the total changes in state legislative seats, state senate seats, and state house seats, respectively.

Change in state legislative partisan composition, 2018 elections
Total Before After Net
Democrats Democratic Party 2,815 3,123 +308
Republicans Republican Party 3,757 3,463 -294
Other/3rd parties Grey.png 38 24 -14
Total 6,561 6,561 --


Change in state senate partisan composition, 2018 elections
Total Before After Net
Democrats Democratic Party 651 716 +65
Republicans Republican Party 947 887 -60
Other/3rd parties Grey.png 8 3 -5
Total 1,606 1,606 --


Change in state house partisan composition, 2018 elections
Total Before After Net
Democrats Democratic Party 2,164 2,407 +243
Republicans Republican Party 2,810 2,576 -234
Other/3rd parties Grey.png 30 21 -9
Total 5,004 5,004 --

Flipped seats

See also: State legislative seats that changed party control, 2018

The map below contains a state-by-state breakdown of state legislative seats that changed party control in the November 2018 elections. Hover over a state to view how many seats each party flipped.


Battleground chambers

See also: State legislative battleground chambers, 2018

Ballotpedia tracked 22 state legislative battleground chambers in 2018.

Heading into the 2018 elections, Democrats controlled 10 battleground chambers and Republicans controlled 12 battleground chambers.[8]

Democrats captured six Republican-held battleground chambers in the election—the Colorado State Senate, Maine State Senate, Minnesota House of Representatives, New Hampshire House of Representatives, New Hampshire State Senate, and New York State Senate.

Republicans did not capture any Democratic battleground chambers, but they did enter into a power-sharing agreement in the Alaska House of Representatives, which was previously controlled by Democrats.

Battlegrounds were chambers that we anticipated would be, overall, more competitive than other chambers and have the potential to see significant shifts in party control in the 2018 general elections.

Criteria for identification as a battleground chamber included the majority party's share of seats, the number of competitive races, and more. Read the complete list of criteria here.

These were the 22 battleground chambers in 2018.

Democratic Party Alaska House of Representatives (Power-sharing between parties)
Republican Party Arizona State Senate
Democratic Party Colorado House of Representatives
Republican Party Colorado State Senate (Democratic gain)
Democratic Party Connecticut House of Representatives
Democratic Party Connecticut State Senate
Democratic Party Delaware State Senate
Republican Party Florida State Senate
Republican Party Iowa House of Representatives
Democratic Party Maine House of Representatives
Republican Party Maine State Senate (Democratic gain)
Republican Party Michigan House of Representatives
Republican Party Michigan State Senate
Republican Party Minnesota House of Representatives (Democratic gain)
Democratic Party Nevada State Senate
Republican Party New Hampshire House of Representatives (Democratic gain)
Republican Party New Hampshire State Senate (Democratic gain)
Democratic Party New Mexico House of Representatives elections
Republican Party New York State Senate (Democratic gain)
Democratic Party Washington House of Representatives
Democratic Party Washington State Senate
Republican Party Wisconsin State Senate




The columns in the chart below list the following information:

  • Seats up in 2018: This was the number of seats in the chamber that were up for election in 2018.
  • Margin: This was the difference in seats between the majority and minority parties.
  • Majority share of seats: This was the percentage of the chamber's total seats controlled by the majority party.
  • Last time party control changed?: This was the election where the party in power before the 2018 elections took control of the chamber.
2018 battleground chambers
Chamber Seats up in 2018 Margin Majority share of seats Last time party control changed? Did it flip?
Alaska House of Representatives* All 40 D+4 55 percent 2016 Power-sharing agreement
Arizona State Senate 17 of 30 R+4 56.7 percent 2002 No
Colorado House of Representatives All 65 D+7 55.4 percent 2012 No
Colorado State Senate 17 of 35 R+2 51.4 percent 2014 Yes Democratic Party
Connecticut House of Representatives All 151 D+9 53.0 percent 1986 No
Connecticut State Senate** All 36 D+0 50 percent 1996 No
Delaware State Senate 10 of 21 D+1 52.4 percent 1974 No
Florida State Senate 22 of 40 R+6 55.0 percent 1994 No
Iowa House of Representatives All 100 R+17 58.0 percent 2010 No
Maine House of Representatives All 151 D+3 48.3 percent 2012 No
Maine State Senate All 35 R+1 51.4 percent 2014 Yes Democratic Party
Minnesota House of Representatives All 134 R+21 57.5 percent 2014 Yes Democratic Party
Michigan House of Representatives All 110 R+17 57.3 percent 2010 No
Michigan State Senate All 38 R+17 71.1 percent 1982[9] No
Nevada State Senate 11 of 21 D+2 47.6 percent 2016 No
New Hampshire House of Representatives All 400 R+45 53.0 percent 2014 Yes Democratic Party
New Hampshire State Senate All 24 R+4 58.3 percent 2010 Yes Democratic Party
New Mexico House of Representatives All 70 D+7 54.3 percent 2016 No
New York State Senate* All 63 R+1 50.8 percent 2010 Yes Democratic Party
Washington House of Representatives All 98 D+2 51.0 percent 1998 No
Washington State Senate 24 of 49 D+1 51.0 percent 2012 No
Wisconsin State Senate 18 of 33 R+3 54.5 percent 2010 No

*This chamber were controlled by a minority party coalition because some members of the party with the numerical majority caucus with the minority party.
** This chamber was evenly divided 18-18 following the 2016 elections. Democrats maintained an effective majority because Lieutenant Gov. Nancy Wyman (D) could cast tie-breaking votes.

Outside ratings

Ballotpedia collected ratings and forecasts of the 2018 state legislative elections from the following organizations:

  • National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL)—Authors identified 16 battleground chambers based on a qualitative analysis.
  • Governing—Author rated chambers as "Safe Democratic/Republican," "Likely Democratic/Republican," "Lean Democratic/Republican," or "Toss-up" based on "interviews with dozens of state and national political sources."
  • Daily Kos—Author rated chambers as "Safe Democratic/Republican," "Likely Democratic/Republican," "Lean Democratic/Republican," or "Toss-up" based on a qualitative analysis.
  • Klarner Politics—Author predicted the probability of each party winning a chamber based on a quantitative analysis of past election results and national electoral conditions. Ballotpedia converted the probability scores using this scale: 100%-80%=Safe Democratic/Republican, 79.9%-70%=Likely Democratic/Republican, 69.9-60%=Lean Democratic/Republican, <60%=Toss-up.


Outside ratings and forecasts for state legislative chambers, 2018
Chamber Pre-election Control Post-election Control NCSL Governing Daily Kos Klarner Politics
Alabama House R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Alabama Senate R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Alaska House D Power-sharing Battleground Toss-up Lean Democratic Lean Republican
Alaska Senate R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Arizona House R R Battleground Likely Republican Lean Republican Toss-up
Arizona Senate R R Battleground Lean Republican Toss-up Toss-up
Arkansas House R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Arkansas Senate R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
California Assembly D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
California Senate D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Colorado House D D Safe Democratic Likely Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Colorado Senate R D Battleground Toss-up Lean Democratic Likely Democratic
Connecticut House D D Safe Democratic Lean Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Connecticut Senate D D Battleground Toss-up Toss-up Likely Democratic
Delaware House D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Delaware Senate D D Safe Democratic Lean Democratic Lean Democratic Likely Democratic
Florida House R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Safe Republican Lean Republican
Florida Senate R R Battleground Lean Republican Lean Republican Likely Republican
Georgia House R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Georgia Senate R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Hawaii House D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Hawaii Senate D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Idaho House R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Idaho Senate R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Illinois House D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Illinois Senate D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Indiana House R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Indiana Senate R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Iowa House R R Safe Republican Lean Republican Toss-up Toss-up
Iowa Senate R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Likely Republican Safe Republican
Kansas House R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Kentucky House R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Likely Republican Likely Republican
Kentucky Senate R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Maine House D D Safe Democratic Lean Democratic Likely Democratic Safe Democratic
Maine Senate R D Battleground Toss-up Likely Democratic Safe Democratic
Maryland House D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Maryland Senate D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Massachusetts House D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Massachusetts Senate D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Michigan House R R Battleground Lean Republican Lean Republican Lean Democratic
Michigan Senate R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Likely Republican Toss-up
Minnesota House R D Battleground Lean Republican Toss-up Toss-up
Missouri House R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Missouri Senate R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Montana House R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Montana Senate R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Nevada Assembly D D Safe Democratic Likely Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Nevada Senate D D Battleground Likely Democratic Likely Democratic Safe Democratic
New Hampshire House R D Battleground Lean Democratic Lean Democratic Safe Democratic
New Hampshire Senate R D Battleground Lean Democratic Lean Republican Lean Democratic
New Mexico House D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
New York Assembly D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
New York Senate R D Battleground Lean Democratic Likely Democratic Lean Democratic
North Carolina House R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Likely Republican Likely Republican
North Carolina Senate R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Safe Republican Toss-up
North Dakota House R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
North Dakota Senate R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Ohio House R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Ohio Senate R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Oklahoma House R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Oklahoma Senate R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Oregon House D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Oregon Senate D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Pennsylvania House R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Likely Republican Likely Republican
Pennsylvania Senate R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Rhode Island House D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Rhode Island Senate D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
South Carolina House R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
South Dakota House R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
South Dakota Senate R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Tennessee House R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Tennessee Senate R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Texas House R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Texas Senate R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Utah House R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Utah Senate R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Vermont House D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Vermont Senate D D Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Washington House D D Battleground Likely Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
Washington Senate D D Battleground Likely Democratic Safe Democratic Safe Democratic
West Virginia House R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Lean Democratic
West Virginia Senate R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Likely Republican Likely Republican
Wisconsin Assembly R R Safe Republican Likely Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Wisconsin Senate R R Battleground Toss-up Lean Republican Safe Republican
Wyoming House R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican
Wyoming Senate R R Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican Safe Republican

Incumbents defeated in 2018

See also: 2018 election analysis: Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections

This chart compares state legislative incumbents losses in primary and general elections from 2010 to 2018.

State legislative incumbents losses, 2010-2018
Year Party Primary defeats General election defeats All incumbent defeats
2018
Democrats 70 49 119
Republicans 77 253 330
Other N/A 20 20
Total 147 322 469
2016
Democrats 39 126 165
Republicans 84 103 187
Other N/A 4 4
Total 123 233 356
2014
Democrats 46 226 272
Republicans 85 40 125
Total 131 266 397
2012
Democrats 71 66 137
Republicans 123 224 347
Other N/A 4 4
Total 194 294 488
2010
Democrats 56 482 538
Republicans 56 14 70
Other N/A 6 6
Total 112 502 614



Margins of victory

See also: Margin of victory analysis for the 2018 state legislative elections

On November 6, 2018, 87 of the nation's 99 state legislative chambers held regularly-scheduled elections for 6,073 seats, meaning that nearly 82% of all state legislative seats were up for election.

Democrats gained control of 309 seats and six chambers, while losing majority control of one chamber. Republicans lost control of 295 seats and six chambers while entering into a power-sharing agreement in one chamber where they had previously been in the minority. Minor-party and independent candidates lost 14 seats.[10]

Across all 6,073 seats up for election, the average margin of victory was 25.8%. An electoral margin of victory (MOV) is the difference between the share of votes cast for the winning candidate and the second-place candidate in an election.

Eighty-eight state legislative races were decided by margins of 0.5% or less in 2018. This figure includes two races—Alaska House of Representatives District 1 and Kentucky House of Representatives District 13—which were decided by a single vote. They were among 16 races decided by 10 votes or fewer.

Average MOV for state legislative elections, 2018
Chamber Seats up for election Democratic Party Seats won by Democrats Democratic Party Seats won by Democrats by margins of 10% or less Democratic Party Seats won by unopposed Democrats Democratic Party Average margin of victory for Democrats Republican Party Seats won by Republicans Republican Party Seats won by Republicans by margins of 10% or less Republican Party Seats won by unopposed Republicans Republican Party Average margin of victory for Republicans Grey.png Seats won by independent and minor party candidates
Alabama State Senate
35
8
0
6
45.9%
27
2
12
28.9%
0
Alabama House of Representatives
105
28
1
21
41%
77
3
32
36.5%
0
Alaska State Senate
10
4
1
1
15.4%
6
0
2
26.4%
0
Alaska House of Representatives
40
16
6
1
17.8%
23
5
3
25%
1
Arizona State Senate
30
13
0
6
26.5%
17
5
0
17.6%
0
Arizona House of Representatives
31
15
7
3
11.1%
16
9
0
8.7%
0
Arkansas State Senate
18
5
0
3
23.9%
13
0
5
38.4%
0
Arkansas House of Representatives
100
24
1
14
27.1%
76
6
41
30.7%
0
California State Senate
20
14
3
1
30.7%
6
3
0
12.4%
0
California State Assembly
80
60
7
4
37.4%
20
5
0
15.7%
0
Colorado State Senate
17
9
0
0
29.1%
8
2
0
25.5%
0
Colorado House of Representatives
65
41
5
5
27.6%
24
3
0
25.1%
0
Connecticut State Senate
36
23
8
1
25.3%
13
7
0
10.2%
0
Connecticut House of Representatives
151
92
20
13
33.9%
59
22
5
15.8%
0
Delaware State Senate
10
6
1
2
27.6%
4
1
0
19%
0
Delaware House of Representatives
41
26
1
9
36.8%
15
2
4
19.7%
0
Florida State Senate
22
7
2
5
3.6%
15
7
0
18%
0
Florida House of Representatives
120
47
9
29
20.6%
73
18
8
19.3%
0
Georgia State Senate
56
21
2
15
38%
35
3
18
28.2%
0
Georgia House of Representatives
179
75
12
52
16.7%
104
12
58
29.7%
0
Hawaii State Senate
13
12
0
5
42.6%
1
1
0
0.9%
0
Hawaii House of Representatives
51
46
1
31
38.6%
5
1
1
27.8%
0
Idaho State Senate
35
7
0
1
27.8%
28
1
13
34.8%
0
Idaho House of Representatives
70
14
3
2
21.1%
56
2
28
31.7%
0
Illinois State Senate
39
24
4
14
17.1%
15
5
6
14.4%
0
Illinois House of Representatives
118
74
9
42
19.7%
44
10
12
17.2%
0
Indiana State Senate
25
4
1
0
17.1%
21
2
6
23.5%
0
Indiana House of Representatives
100
33
5
21
15.7%
67
6
10
29.9%
0
Iowa State Senate
25
12
3
4
30.4%
13
5
2
15.1%
0
Iowa House of Representatives
100
46
8
18
25%
54
12
5
21.1%
0
Kansas House of Representatives
125
40
7
23
18.6%
85
13
37
24.5%
0
Kentucky State Senate
19
2
0
1
15.5%
17
6
1
19.2%
0
Kentucky House of Representatives
100
39
12
7
22.8%
61
10
8
24.8%
0
Maine State Senate
35
21
3
2
22.7%
14
4
0
17.4%
0
Maine House of Representatives
151
89
19
9
24.5%
57
16
6
17.6%
5
Maryland State Senate
47
32
3
10
49.4%
15
4
1
22.1%
0
Maryland House of Delegates
70
44
9
10
16.3%
26
10
2
16.8%
0
Massachusetts State Senate
40
34
2
23
26.8%
6
2
2
12.2%
0
Massachusetts House of Representatives
160
127
4
92
31.8%
32
7
11
17.1%
1
Michigan State Senate
38
16
3
0
35.1%
22
3
0
17.7%
0
Michigan House of Representatives
110
52
8
0
40.8%
58
7
0
21%
0
Minnesota House of Representatives
134
75
16
2
31.6%
59
8
0
22.7%
0
Missouri State Senate
17
3
0
1
38.9%
14
3
0
32.8%
0
Missouri House of Representatives
163
47
3
22
38.5%
116
7
18
33.1%
0
Montana State Senate
25
11
4
2
14.7%
14
3
2
30.7%
0
Montana House of Representatives
100
42
6
16
22.5%
58
7
10
32.6%
0
Nebraska State Senate
24
3
0
2
46.3%
10
1
3
28.1%
11
Nevada State Senate
11
6
1
1
27.6%
5
1
0
20.6%
0
Nevada State Assembly
42
29
6
10
19.3%
13
2
3
23.6%
0
New Hampshire State Senate
24
14
6
1
17.2%
10
5
0
10.6%
0
New Hampshire House of Representatives
224
146
84
19
10.3%
78
67
4
4.6%
0
New Mexico House of Representatives
70
46
7
23
19.3%
24
7
11
18.9%
0
New York State Senate
63
40
8
10
47%
23
7
6
16.1%
0
New York State Assembly
150
106
5
41
55.2%
43
8
7
22.3%
1
North Carolina State Senate
50
21
5
0
31.6%
29
5
0
23%
0
North Carolina House of Representatives
120
55
15
1
32.4%
65
9
0
25.8%
0
North Dakota State Senate
24
6
3
1
15.7%
18
2
3
29.1%
0
North Dakota House of Representatives
27
7
5
1
5.2%
20
9
3
12.3%
0
Ohio State Senate
17
7
1
0
44.7%
10
4
0
20.3%
0
Ohio House of Representatives
99
38
7
8
31%
61
5
0
28.7%
0
Oklahoma State Senate
24
7
1
3
29.4%
17
1
2
30%
0
Oklahoma House of Representatives
101
25
5
12
12.6%
76
11
16
24.5%
0
Oregon State Senate
17
11
0
3
26.8%
6
3
0
16.4%
0
Oregon House of Representatives
60
38
9
11
28%
22
2
3
26.8%
0
Pennsylvania State Senate
25
12
5
5
17.1%
13
3
0
23.6%
0
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
203
93
11
53
27.9%
110
20
19
24.8%
0
Rhode Island State Senate
38
33
2
16
28%
5
2
1
8.3%
0
Rhode Island House of Representatives
75
66
8
37
25.6%
9
3
2
13.6%
0
South Carolina House of Representatives
124
44
2
26
43.5%
80
3
42
31.2%
0
South Dakota State Senate
35
5
2
2
9.5%
30
3
1
28.3%
0
South Dakota House of Representatives
44
10
7
3
1.9%
34
19
0
11.2%
0
Tennessee State Senate
18
4
0
2
71%
14
1
3
32.2%
0
Tennessee House of Representatives
99
26
2
15
31%
73
3
8
40.2%
0
Texas State Senate
15
5
2
1
22.9%
10
3
0
26.1%
0
Texas House of Representatives
150
67
10
30
35.2%
83
17
17
31.6%
0
Utah State Senate
15
5
0
0
35.8%
10
1
1
39.4%
0
Utah House of Representatives
75
16
1
1
33.2%
59
8
6
38.6%
0
Vermont State Senate
17
11
4
2
14.5%
4
2
2
4.5%
2
Vermont House of Representatives
118
72
22
34
12.8%
35
15
9
9.7%
11
Washington State Senate
25
17
4
0
32.7%
8
2
1
20.2%
0
Washington House of Representatives
98
57
8
13
32.8%
41
11
1
17.7%
0
West Virginia State Senate
17
8
6
0
7.9%
9
2
0
20.7%
0
West Virginia House of Delegates
74
28
17
5
9.1%
46
15
2
18.9%
0
Wisconsin State Senate
17
6
2
2
18.2%
11
4
2
13.8%
0
Wisconsin State Assembly
99
36
1
27
36.6%
63
10
6
19.6%
0
Wyoming State Senate
15
2
0
1
24.7%
13
1
8
29.3%
0
Wyoming House of Representatives
60
9
2
3
15%
50
6
30
26.1%
1
Total
5679
2717
505
974
26.8%
2929
573
591
22.3%
33

Electoral competitiveness

See also: Annual State Legislative Competitiveness Report: Vol. 8, 2018

Ballotpedia's 8th Annual State Legislative Competitiveness Report analyzes the features of all 6,073 state legislative elections that took place in November 2018. Key findings include:

HIGHLIGHTS
  • 2,017 state legislative elections did not have major party competition; they featured a candidate from just one of the two major political parties.
  • Democratic candidates contested more state legislative elections than in any even-year cycle since 2010; Republicans contested fewer than in any even-year cycle since 2010.
  • 1,181 state legislative incumbents did not seek re-election. A total of 723 were Republicans, and 427 were Democrats.
  • Nearly one-fifth of state legislators elected in 2018 were guaranteed to be newcomers.

    • Seats without major party opposition

    Primary competitiveness

    See also: 2018 primary election competitiveness in state and federal government

    A contested primary is one in which voters have a choice on the ballot. Most commonly, this means that there is more than one candidate from the same political party in the race. Exceptions to this include states with multi-member state legislative districts and states featuring a top-two primary system, such as California and Washington.

    The following chart compares the number of open seats, incumbents with primary competition, contested partisan primaries, total seats, and total candidates in 2018 versus 2016 and 2014:

    Incumbents defeated

    Primary elections

    From 2010 to 2016, about 13 percent of state legislative incumbents have been defeated by primary challengers. Another 8 percent of the remaining incumbents were defeated in general elections.

    In 2018, 469 incumbents were defeated in primary elections and the general elections on November 6, 2018.

    Democratic Party 119 Democratic incumbents were defeated.
    Republican Party 330 Republican incumbents were defeated.
    Grey.png 20 Minor party/independent incumbents were defeated

    There were 322 incumbents defeated in the general elections.

    Democratic Party 49 Democratic incumbents were defeated.
    Republican Party 253 Republican incumbents were defeated.
    Grey.png 20 Minor party/independent incumbents were defeated

    There were 147 state legislative incumbents defeated in primaries.

    Democratic Party Seventy Democratic incumbents were defeated.
    Republican Party Seventy-seven Republican incumbents were defeated.

    2016 state legislative results

    Ballotpedia examined the competitiveness of every 2016 state legislative race in the country. Click here for more information »


    Elections by state

    Alabama

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Alabama. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Alabama State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 8 8
         Republican Party 26 27
         Independent 1 0
    Total 35 35
    Alabama House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 32 28
         Republican Party 72 77
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 105 105

    Alaska

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Alaska. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Alaska State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 6 7
         Republican Party 14 13
    Total 20 20
    Alaska House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 17 16
         Republican Party 20 23
         Independent 3 1
    Total 40 40

    Arizona

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Arizona. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Arizona State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 13 13
         Republican Party 17 17
    Total 30 30
    Arizona House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 25 29
         Republican Party 35 31
    Total 60 60

    Arkansas

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Arkansas. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Arkansas State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 9 9
         Republican Party 25 26
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 35 35
    Arkansas House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 24 24
         Republican Party 75 76
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 100 100

    California

    Ballotpedia has an article on California's primary election. Click here for information on the state's top-two primary.

    California State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 26 29
         Republican Party 14 11
    Total 40 40
    California State Assembly
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 55 60
         Republican Party 25 20
    Total 80 80

    Colorado

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Colorado. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Colorado State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 16 19
         Republican Party 18 16
         Independent 1 0
    Total 35 35
    Colorado House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 36 41
         Republican Party 29 24
    Total 65 65

    Connecticut

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Connecticut. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Connecticut State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 18 23
         Republican Party 18 13
    Total 36 36
    Connecticut House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 80 92
         Republican Party 71 59
    Total 151 151

    Delaware

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Delaware. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Delaware State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 11 12
         Republican Party 10 9
    Total 21 21
    Delaware House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 25 26
         Republican Party 16 15
    Total 41 41

    Florida

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Florida. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Florida State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 16 17
         Republican Party 22 23
         Vacancy 2 0
    Total 40 40
    Florida House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 41 47
         Republican Party 75 73
         Vacancy 4 0
    Total 120 120

    Georgia

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Georgia. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Georgia State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 19 21
         Republican Party 37 35
    Total 56 56
    Georgia House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 64 75
         Republican Party 114 105
         Vacancy 2 0
    Total 180 180

    Hawaii

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Hawaii. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Hawaii State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 25 24
         Republican Party 0 1
    Total 25 25
    Hawaii House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 46 46
         Republican Party 5 5
    Total 51 51

    Idaho

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Idaho. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Idaho State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 6 7
         Republican Party 29 28
    Total 35 35
    Idaho House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 11 14
         Republican Party 59 56
    Total 70 70

    Illinois

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Illinois. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Illinois State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 37 40
         Republican Party 22 19
    Total 59 59
    Illinois House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 67 74
         Republican Party 51 44
    Total 118 118

    Indiana

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Indiana. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Indiana State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 9 10
         Republican Party 41 40
    Total 50 50
    Indiana House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 30 33
         Republican Party 70 67
    Total 100 100

    Iowa

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Iowa. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Iowa State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 20 18
         Republican Party 29 32
         Independent 1 0
    Total 50 50
    Iowa House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 41 46
         Republican Party 58 54
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 100 100

    Kansas

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Kansas. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary. Kansas did not hold any state senate elections in 2018.

    Kansas House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 40 40
         Republican Party 85 85
    Total 125 125

    Kentucky

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Kentucky. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Kentucky State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 11 10
         Republican Party 27 28
    Total 38 38
    Kentucky House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 37 39
         Republican Party 62 61
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 100 100

    Louisiana

    Louisiana did not hold any state legislative elections in 2018.

    Maine

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Maine. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Maine State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 17 21
         Republican Party 18 14
    Total 35 35
    Maine House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 73 89
         Republican Party 70 57
         Independent 7 5
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 151 151

    Maryland

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Maryland. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Maryland State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 33 32
         Republican Party 14 15
    Total 47 47
    Maryland House of Delegates
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 91 99
         Republican Party 50 42
    Total 141 141

    Massachusetts

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Massachusetts. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Massachusetts State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 31 34
         Republican Party 7 6
         Vacancy 2 0
    Total 40 40
    Massachusetts House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 117 127
         Republican Party 34 32
         Independent 2 1
         Vacancy 7 0
    Total 160 160

    Michigan

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Michigan. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Michigan State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 10 16
         Republican Party 27 22
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 38 38
    Michigan House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 46 52
         Republican Party 63 58
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 110 110

    Minnesota

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Minnesota. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary. Minnesota did not hold any regularly-scheduled state senate elections in 2018. A special election took place in state senate District 13.

    Minnesota House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 56 75
         Republican Party 77 59
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 134 134

    Mississippi

    Mississippi did not hold any state legislative elections in 2018.

    Missouri

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Missouri. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Missouri State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 10 10
         Republican Party 23 24
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 34 34
    Missouri House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 45 47
         Republican Party 109 116
         Vacancy 9 0
    Total 163 163

    Montana

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Montana. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Montana State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 18 20
         Republican Party 32 30
    Total 50 50
    Montana House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 41 42
         Republican Party 59 58
    Total 100 100

    Nebraska

    Ballotpedia has an article on the primary election in Nebraska. Click here for information on the state's primary.

    Nebraska State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 16 18
         Republican Party 30 29
         Libertarian Party 1 1
         Independent 1 1
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 49 49

    Nevada

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Nevada. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Nevada State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 10 13
         Republican Party 8 8
         Independent 1 0
         Vacancy 2 0
    Total 21 21
    Nevada State Assembly
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 27 29
         Republican Party 14 13
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 42 42

    New Hampshire

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in New Hampshire. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    New Hampshire State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 10 14
         Republican Party 14 10
    Total 24 24
    New Hampshire House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 167 233
         Republican Party 212 167
         Independent 2 0
         Vacancy 19 0
    Total 400 400

    New Jersey

    New Jersey did not hold any state legislative elections in 2018.

    New Mexico

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in New Mexico. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    New Mexico did not hold any state senate elections in 2018.

    New Mexico House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 38 46
         Republican Party 31 24
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 70 70

    New York

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in New York. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    New York State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 32 40
         Republican Party 31 23
    Total 63 63
    New York State Assembly
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 104 106
         Republican Party 41 43
         Independent 1 1
         Vacancy 4 0
    Total 150 150

    North Carolina

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in North Carolina. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    North Carolina State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 15 21
         Republican Party 35 29
    Total 50 50
    North Carolina House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 45 55
         Republican Party 75 65
    Total 120 120

    North Dakota

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in North Dakota. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    North Dakota State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 9 10
         Republican Party 38 37
    Total 47 47
    North Dakota House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 13 15
         Republican Party 80 79
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 94 94

    Ohio

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Ohio. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Ohio State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 9 9
         Republican Party 23 24
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 33 33
    Ohio House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 32 38
         Republican Party 66 61
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 99 99

    Oklahoma

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Oklahoma. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Oklahoma State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 8 9
         Republican Party 38 39
         Vacancy 2 0
    Total 48 48
    Oklahoma House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 27 25
         Republican Party 72 76
         Vacancy 2 0
    Total 101 101

    Oregon

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Oregon. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Oregon State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 17 18
         Republican Party 13 12
    Total 30 30
    Oregon House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 35 38
         Republican Party 25 22
    Total 60 60

    Pennsylvania

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Pennsylvania. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Pennsylvania State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 16 21
         Republican Party 33 29
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 50 50
    Pennsylvania House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 79 93
         Republican Party 120 110
         Vacancy 4 0
    Total 203 203

    Rhode Island

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Rhode Island. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Rhode Island State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 33 33
         Republican Party 4 5
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 38 38
    Rhode Island House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 64 66
         Republican Party 11 9
    Total 75 75

    South Carolina

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in South Carolina. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary. South Carolina did not hold any state senate elections in 2018.

    South Carolina House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 44 44
         Republican Party 80 80
    Total 124 124

    South Dakota

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in South Dakota. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    South Dakota State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 6 5
         Republican Party 29 30
    Total 35 35
    South Dakota House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 10 11
         Republican Party 59 59
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 70 70

    Tennessee

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Tennessee. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Tennessee State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 4 5
         Republican Party 26 28
         Vacancy 3 0
    Total 33 33
    Tennessee House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 25 26
         Republican Party 69 73
         Vacancy 5 0
    Total 99 99

    Texas

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Texas. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Texas State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 10 12
         Republican Party 21 19
    Total 31 31
    Texas House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 55 67
         Republican Party 93 83
         Vacancy 2 0
    Total 150 150

    Utah

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Utah. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Utah State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 5 6
         Republican Party 24 23
    Total 29 29
    Utah House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 13 17
         Republican Party 61 58
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 75 75

    Vermont

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Vermont. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Vermont State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 21 22
         Republican Party 7 6
         Independent 2 2
    Total 30 30
    Vermont House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 80 95
         Republican Party 53 43
         Independent 14 12
         Vacancy 3 0
    Total 150 150

    Virginia

    Virginia did not hold any state legislative elections in 2018.

    Washington

    Ballotpedia has an article on Washington's primary election. Click here for information on the state's top-two primary.

    Washington State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 26 29
         Republican Party 23 20
    Total 49 49
    Washington House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 50 57
         Republican Party 48 41
    Total 98 98

    West Virginia

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in West Virginia. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    West Virginia State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 12 14
         Republican Party 22 20
    Total 34 34
    West Virginia House of Delegates
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 35 41
         Republican Party 63 59
         Independent 1 0
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 100 100

    Wisconsin

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Wisconsin. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Wisconsin State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 15 14
         Republican Party 18 19
    Total 33 33
    Wisconsin State Assembly
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 35 36
         Republican Party 64 63
    Total 99 99

    Wyoming

    Ballotpedia has articles on the Democratic and Republican primaries in Wyoming. Click here for information on the Democratic primary, and click here for information on the Republican primary.

    Wyoming State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 3 3
         Republican Party 27 27
    Total 30 30
    Wyoming House of Representatives
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 9 9
         Republican Party 51 50
         Independent 0 1
    Total 60 60

    Election dates

    The following table details 2018 state legislative filing deadlines and primary dates in each state. The signature-filing deadline was the date by which candidates had to file nominating signatures with election officials in order to have their name placed on the ballot.

    2018 Election Dates
    State Filing deadline Primary election
    Alabama February 9 June 5
    Alaska June 1 August 21
    Arizona May 30 August 28
    Arkansas March 1 May 22
    California March 9 June 5
    Colorado March 20 June 26
    Connecticut June 12 August 14
    Delaware July 10 September 6
    Florida June 22 August 28
    Georgia March 9 May 22
    Hawaii June 5 August 11
    Idaho March 9 May 15
    Illinois December 4 (2017) March 20
    Indiana February 9 May 8
    Iowa March 16 June 5
    Kansas June 1 August 7
    Kentucky January 30 May 22
    Maine March 15 June 12
    Maryland February 27 June 26
    Massachusetts June 5 September 4
    Michigan April 24 August 7
    Minnesota June 5 August 14
    Missouri March 27 August 7
    Montana March 12 June 5
    Nebraska March 1 May 15
    Nevada March 16 June 12
    New Hampshire June 15 September 11
    New Mexico March 13 June 5
    New York July 12 September 13
    North Carolina February 28 May 8
    North Dakota April 9 June 12
    Ohio February 7 May 8
    Oklahoma April 13 June 26
    Oregon March 6 May 15
    Pennsylvania March 6 May 15
    Rhode Island June 27 September 12
    South Carolina March 30 June 12
    South Dakota March 27 June 5
    Tennessee April 5 August 2
    Texas December 11 (2017) March 6
    Utah March 15 June 26
    Vermont May 31 August 14
    Washington May 18 August 7
    West Virginia January 27 May 8
    Wisconsin June 1 August 14
    Wyoming June 1 August 21


    Impact of term limits

    See also: Impact of term limits on state legislative elections in 2018

    Of the 87 state legislative chambers that held elections in 2018, 24 of them—12 senate chambers and 12 house chambers—included incumbents who were unable to run for re-election due to term limits.[11] In the 24 chambers affected by term limits in 2018, 1,463 seats were up for election.[12] The Nevada Senate, Arkansas House, and Arkansas Senate are impacted by term limits, but no incumbents were term-limited in 2018. There are 99 chambers throughout the country.

    In 29 legislative chambers across 15 states, state legislators are subject to term limits. In the United States, there are 1,972 state senate seats and 5,411 state house seats. Of the 1,972 senate seats, 562 seats (29 percent) are subject to term limits. Of the 5,411 house seats, 1,368 seats (25 percent) are subject to term limits.

    The map below displays the 15 states that use term limits for state legislators. All 15 states held elections in 2018 except Louisiana. Louisiana holds elections every four years in odd-numbered years. Click on a state below to see the total number of termed-out state legislators in 2018 as well as a breakdown of the totals for each legislative chamber.

    State legislative special elections

    See also: State legislative special elections, 2018

    Breakdown of 2018 special elections

    In 2018, special elections for state legislative positions were held for the following reasons:

    • 58 due to appointment, election, or the seeking of election to another position
    • 16 due to a retirement
    • 10 due to a resignation related to criminal charges
    • 7 due to a resignation related to allegations of sexual misconduct
    • 5 due to the death of the incumbent
    • 2 due to a resignation to take a private sector job
    • 1 due to an election being rerun

    Impact of special elections on partisan composition

    The partisan breakdown for the special elections was as follows:

    The table below details how many seats changed parties as the result of a special election in 2018. The number on the left reflects how many vacant seats were originally held by each party, while the number on the right shows how many vacant seats each party won in the special elections. In elections between 2011 and 2016, either the Democratic Party or Republican Party saw an average net gain of three seats across the country. In 2017, Democrats had a net gain of 11 seats.

    Note: This table reflects information for elections that were held and not the total number of vacant seats.

    Partisan Change from Special Elections (2018)
    Party As of Special Election After Special Election
         Democratic Party 42 50
         Republican Party 57 49
         Independent 0 0
    Total 99 99


    Democrats gained 11 seats in 2017 special elections and eight seats in 2018 special elections. The table below details the results of special elections held in 2017 and 2018 cumulatively.

    Partisan Change from Special Elections (2017-2018)
    Party As of Special Election After Special Election
         Democratic Party 87 106
         Republican Party 110 91
         Independent 0 0
    Total 197 197

    Flipped seats

    In 2018, 16 seats flipped as a result of state legislative special elections. Twelve seats flipped from Republican control to Democratic control. Four seats flipped from Democratic control to Republican control.

    In New York, a Democratic candidate running on the Republican ticket won election to Assembly District 142 on April 24. The previous incumbent in that district was a Democrat. Due to the winning candidate's party affiliation, Assembly District 142 was not added to the list of flipped seats in 2018.

    Seats flipped from R to D

    Seats flipped from D to R


    State legislative leaders

    The table below provides national statistics on whether state legislative leaders, such as house speakers and senate presidents, filed to run for re-election to their office or filed to run for a different office, such as governor.

    Not all state legislative leaders were up for re-election, and some whose terms ended in 2018 were ineligible to run for re-election due to term limits in their states.

    State legislative leaders
    Office Filed to run
    for re-election?         		Filed to run
    for a different office?         		Total
    House Speakers 33 2 35
    Senate Presidents 14 6 20
    House Majority Leaders 36 3 39
    House Minority Leaders 32 6 38
    Senate Majority Leaders 22 3 25
    Senate Minority Leaders 24 4 28
    Total 161 24 185

    Political context

    The 2018 elections occurred in the aftermath of significant Republican gains in state legislative elections from 2010 to 2016. During those years, Republicans increased their control of state legislative chambers, total state legislative seats, and state government trifectas. Together, these gains gave them an advantage over Democrats heading into the 2018 elections.

    Changes in chamber partisan control, 2010 to 2017

    See also: Partisan composition of state legislatures

    Prior to the 2010 elections, Democrats controlled 61 of the country's 99 state legislative chambers, Republicans controlled 37, and one chamber was split between the parties. In the six years that followed, Republicans made significant gains and took control of many of the chambers that were previously held by Democrats. Following the 2016 elections, Republicans controlled 68 chambers and Democrats controlled 31. After the November 2017 elections, Republicans controlled 67 chambers and Democrats controlled 32.

    From 2010 to 2017, there were 54 instances where a state legislative chamber changed partisan control. Of these 54 changes, 40 involved a chamber changing from Democratic to Republican control and 11 involved a chamber changing from Republican to Democratic control. The other three involved chambers that were split between the two parties (Oregon House in 2010 and 2012; Montana House in 2010).

    Most of the changes came during major elections but some also came through special elections (Louisiana House in 2010; Washington Senate in 2017) and party switching (Louisiana House in 2010; Mississippi Senate in 2011). In some cases, the party that gained control did not have a numerical majority but instead controlled the chamber through a bipartisan coalition (i.e., Alaska House in 2016). This table does not account for changes in party control or ties in a chamber that lasted for less than one year and were not the result of a regularly scheduled election. An example of this is the brief period of Democratic control in the Virginia State Senate in 2014.[14]

    From 2010 to 2017, 39 chambers switched control: 28 switched control once, seven switched control twice, and four switched control three times. Eleven of the 15 battleground chambers in 2018 switched control at least once from 2010 to 2017. For the 50 instances where a chamber switched control in a regularly scheduled election, the average majority controlled 55.7 percent of its chamber's seat heading into the election.

    For this chart, a red box indicates that the chamber flipped from Democratic to Republican control, and a blue box indicates that the chamber flipped from Republican to Democratic control.

    Chamber changes in partisan control: 2010-2017
    Party changes in 2010 Party changes in 2011 Party changes in 2012 Party changes in 2014 Party changes in 2016 Party changes in 2017
    Alabama Senate Louisiana Senate[15][16] Alaska Senate Colorado Senate Alaska House Washington Senate
    Alabama House Mississippi Senate[17][18] Arkansas Senate Maine Senate Iowa Senate
    Colorado House Mississippi House Arkansas House Minnesota House Kentucky House
    Indiana House Virginia Senate[19] Colorado House Nevada Senate Minnesota Senate
    Iowa House Maine Senate Nevada House Nevada Senate
    Louisiana House[20][21] Maine House New Hampshire House Nevada House
    Maine Senate Minnesota Senate New Mexico House New Mexico House
    Maine House Minnesota House West Virginia Senate
    Michigan House New Hampshire House West Virginia House
    Minnesota Senate Oregon House[22]
    Minnesota House Washington Senate
    Montana House[23]
    New Hampshire Senate
    New Hampshire House
    New York Senate
    North Carolina Senate
    North Carolina House
    Ohio House
    Oregon House[24]
    Pennsylvania House
    Wisconsin Senate
    Wisconsin House
    Total changes: 22 Total changes: 4 Total changes: 11 Total changes: 9 Total changes: 7 Total changes: 1

    State legislative seats from 2010 to 2016

    See also: Changes in state legislative seats during the Obama presidency

    Throughout Barack Obama's (D) tenure as president, from 2009 to 2017, Democrats experienced losses in state legislative elections, totaling 968 seats. As of January 2009, Democrats controlled 4,082 of the country's 7,383 legislative seats (55.3 percent). By January 2017, they controlled 3,114 seats (42.2 percent). During the same time, Republicans increased their seats from 3,223 (43.7 percent) to 4,171 (56.5 percent). In 82 of the country's 99 state legislative chambers, Republicans held more seats in January 2017 than they did in January 2009.[25]

    It is normal for a party to lose ground in state legislatures when their party controls the presidency for two terms. Between the time of Franklin Roosevelt (D) and George W. Bush (R), the political party of the president lost, on average, 450 state legislative seats while holding the White House. The losses that the Democratic Party sustained under Obama, however, were exceptional, rivaled only by the terms of Richard Nixon (R) and Dwight Eisenhower (R), when Republicans lost 800 and 843 seats, respectively.

    Trifectas from 2010 to 2017

    See also: State government trifectas

    A state government trifecta occurs when one political party controls the primary levers of power in a state: the governor's office, the state Senate, and the state House. Since 2010, the Republican Party has increased its number of trifectas and the Democratic Party has seen a decline in its trifectas. Prior to the 2010 elections, Democrats had 17 trifectas, Republicans had 10, and 23 states were under divided government. After the 2016 elections, Republicans had 25 trifectas, Democrats had six, and 19 states were under divided government. In August 2017, Republicans picked up another trifecta when West Virginia Gov. Jim Justice changed his partisan affiliation from Democratic to Republican. In the November 2017 elections, Democrats won a special election in the Washington State Senate and gained control of the chamber. The Democratic Party also took the governorship of New Jersey, although incoming governor Phil Murphy (D) was not sworn in until January 2018. This made Washington and New Jersey Democratic trifectas and brought the total number of trifectas to 26 for Republicans and eight for Democrats, with 16 states under divided government.

    This chart shows the number of trifectas each party held heading into elections from 2010 to 2018.

    Trifectas by year: 2010-2018
    Election Democratic trifectas Republican trifectas States under divided government
    Pre-2010 elections 17 10 23
    Pre-2012 elections 11 22 17
    Pre-2014 elections 12 24 14
    Pre-2016 elections 7 23 20
    Pre-2018 elections[26] 8 26 16

    Click on the map below to see the trifecta status of different states following elections from 2010 to 2016.

    Current state government trifectas

    State government trifectas, post-2022 elections

    State government trifectas, pre-2022 elections

    State government trifectas, post-2020 elections

    State government trifectas, pre-2020 elections

    State government trifectas, post-2018 elections

    State government trifectas, pre-2018 elections

    State government trifectas, post-2016 elections

    State government trifectas, pre-2016 elections

    State government trifectas, pre-2014

    State government trifectas, pre-2012

    State government trifectas, pre-2010

    Learn more about Ballotpedia's analyses of trifectas and state governments

    Current state government trifectas
    Historical and potential changes in trifectas
    Trifectas and legislatively referred constitutional amendments
    Who Runs the States Report
    Party control of state government

    Wave election analysis

    See also: Wave elections (1918-2016)

    The term wave election is frequently used to describe an election cycle in which one party makes significant electoral gains. How many seats would Republicans have had to lose for the 2018 midterm election to be considered a wave election?

    Ballotpedia examined the results of the 50 election cycles that occurred between 1918 and 2016—spanning from President Woodrow Wilson's (D) second midterm in 1918 to Donald Trump's (R) first presidential election in 2016. We define wave elections as the 20 percent of elections in that period resulting in the greatest seat swings against the president's party.

    Applying this definition to state legislative elections, we found that Republicans needed to lose 494 seats for 2018 to qualify as a wave election.

    The chart below shows the number of seats the president's party lost in the 10 state legislative waves from 1918 to 2016. Click here to read the full report.

    State legislative wave elections
    Year President Party Election type State legislative seats change Elections analyzed[27]
    1932 Hoover R Presidential -1,022 7,365
    1922 Harding R First midterm -907 6,907
    1966 Johnson D First midterm[28] -782 7,561
    1938 Roosevelt D Second midterm -769 7,179
    1958 Eisenhower R Second midterm -702 7,627
    2010 Obama D First midterm -702 7,306
    1974 Ford R Second midterm[29] -695 7,481
    1920 Wilson D Presidential -654 6,835
    1930 Hoover R Presidential -640 7,361
    1954 Eisenhower R First midterm -494 7,513

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ This figure excludes the Nebraska State Senate, which held nonpartisan elections.
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Democrats won a three-fifths supermajority in Oregon, but not a two-thirds majority, which is the margin required to override gubernatorial vetoes. A three-fifths majority is able to raise taxes.
    3. ↑ National Council of State Legislatures, "ELECTION DATES FOR LEGISLATORS AND GOVERNORS WHO WILL DO REDISTRICTING," May 25, 2018
    4. ↑ Although the Nebraska State Senate elects its members in nonpartisan elections, members of the chamber generally function along party lines when it comes to voting and caucusing. Please see Nebraska State Senate partisan affiliation for more information.
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Third party incumbents and vacancies.
    6. ↑ Excludes the 693,972 inhabitants of Washington, D.C.
    7. ↑ Excludes the 693,972 inhabitants of Washington, D.C.
    8. ↑ Two chambers — the Alaska House of Representatives and the New York State Senate — were controlled by minority coalitions, giving effective control of the chamber to the party with a numerical minority.
    9. ↑ Detroit News, "Democrats in Michigan seek to flip state House in 2018," July 8, 2018
    10. ↑ This figure does not include the Nebraska State Senate, which held nonpartisan elections.
    11. ↑ The Nevada Senate, Arkansas House, and Arkansas Senate were up for election in 2018 and have term limits, but no incumbents were term-limited in 2018.
    12. ↑ The Nevada Senate, Arkansas House, and Arkansas Senate are impacted by term limits, but no incumbents were term-limited in 2018. In the three chambers, a total of 129 seats were up for election in 2018. No legislators were unable to run in 2018 in those three chamber because of term limits.
    13. ↑ The general election was cancelled after Wayne McMahen (R) was the only candidate to file for election.
    14. ↑ The Washington Post, "Virginia Republicans snatched control of the state Senate, ended budget-Medicaid impasse," June 9, 2014
    15. ↑ The chamber first changed from Democratic to Republican control in a February 2011 special election. Republicans increased their majority to 24-15 in the 2011 elections.
    16. ↑ Fox News, "GOP Candidate Wins Lousiana [sic] Senate Special Election, Shifting Majority," February 20, 2011
    17. ↑ The chamber changed partisan control prior to the 2011 elections due to Democrats switching to the Republican Party and special election wins by Republicans. Republicans increased their majority in the 2011 elections to 31-21.
    18. ↑ The Washington Post, "Southern Democrats in dire straits; 2011 looms large," January 11, 2011
    19. ↑ In the 2011 elections, the chamber changed from a 22-18 Democratic advantage to a 20-20 tie. Republicans effectively controlled the chamber because Lieutenant Gov. Bill Bolling (R) could cast tie-breaking votes.
    20. ↑ This chamber did not hold elections in 2010. It switched partisan control in December 2010 when Democrat Noble Ellington changed his party affiliation to Republican. In the regularly-scheduled 2011 elections, Republicans increased their majority to 58-45.
    21. ↑ Nola.com, "Louisiana Republicans take first House majority since Reconstruction with latest party switch," December 17, 2010
    22. ↑ In this election, the Oregon House changed from a 30-30 tie to a 34-26 Democratic advantage.
    23. ↑ This chamber went from a 50-50 tie to a 68-32 Republican advantage in the 2010 elections.
    24. ↑ This chamber went from a 36-24 Democratic advantage to a 30-30 tie in the 2010 elections.
    25. ↑ Data compiled by Ballotpedia staff
    26. ↑ Last updated February 9, 2018.
    27. ↑ The number of state legislative seats available for analysis varied, with as many as 7,795 and as few as 6,835.
    28. ↑ Lyndon Johnson's (D) first term began in November 1963 after the death of President John F. Kennedy (D), who was first elected in 1960. Before Johnson had his first midterm in 1966, he was re-elected president in 1964.
    29. ↑ Gerald Ford's (R) first term began in August 1974 following the resignation of President Richard Nixon (R), who was first elected in 1968 and was re-elected in 1972. Because Ford only served for two full months before facing the electorate, this election is classified as Nixon's second midterm.
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